Abstract 2184 The role of growth factors in immunotherapy (anti PD1/CTLA4/PDL1) resistance in melanoma

Background. Growth factors, including growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1, contribute significantly to cancer therapy resistance by promoting tumor growth, enhancing cell proliferation, and suppressing apoptosis. These molecules facilitate resistance mechanisms such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, activation of compensatory signaling pathways, and drug efflux through upregulated ATP-binding cassette transporters, and also modulating exosomal cargoes to enhance chemoresistance and migration.