Black abalone surveys at Naval Base Ventura County, San Nicolas Island, California—2022 annual report

The U.S. Geological Survey monitors a suite of intertidal black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) sites at San Nicolas Island, California, in cooperation with the U.S. Navy, which owns the island.The nine rocky intertidal sites were established in 1980 to study the potential effect of translocated southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) on the intertidal black abalone population at San Nicolas Island.The sites were monitored, typically annually or biennially, from 1981 to 1997.Monitoring resumed in 2001 and has been completed annually thereafter.Since 2018, the monitoring has been carried out by the U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center.The study sites became particularly important from a management perspective after a virulent disease decimated black abalone populations throughout southern California beginning in the mid-1980s.The disease, withering syndrome, was first observed on San Nicolas Island in 1992, and during the next few years, withering syndrome reduced the black abalone population on San Nicolas Island by more than 99 percent.The black abalone was subsequently listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act in 2009.The subject of this report is the 2022 survey of the sites and the status of the measured population of black abalone in comparison to long-term patterns (based on data collected since 1981) at San Nicolas Island.Between the years 2000 and 2022, the total monitored black abalone population on the island has grown from roughly 200 to more than 2,000, approximately a ten-fold increase following the disease-related decline.Since it was first consistently measured in 2005, the distance between adjacent black abalone has decreased substantially from approximately 50 centimeters to less than 15 centimeters, indicating that black abalone are sufficiently close together at several of the sites to reproduce successfully.The total black abalone count in 2022 was 2,156, which was 7.9 percent lower than the total count in 2020 but 6.6 percent higher than in 2021.There were increases and decreases among the sites and transects within each site in 2022, but six of the nine sites had higher counts than in the previous year.The 2022 count is one of the highest since 1993, second only to the 2020 count.In 2022, the annual recruitment rate, defined as the percentage of measured black abalone with a shell length of 3 centimeters or less, was the second highest recorded, only slightly less than in 2017.