Effective Heights for Radiation, Reception, and Scattering Characterization of Antennas and Arrays: Expanded definitions using different termination conditions.

Vector effective heights are useful in analyzing the transmitting, receiving, and scattering characteristics of an arbitrary antenna. To demonstrate their versatile applicability, an in-depth analysis of their characteristics for different termination conditions is conducted. In addition to the conventional input current reference for the vector effective height, the input voltage and incident current references are used to define the effective heights of an arbitrary antenna. Different effective heights are employed to analyze radiating, receiving, and scattering scenarios. The effect of load termination is inspected using the example of a dipole, patch and their arrays. The study on isolated antennas is extended to array antenna by defining the effective heights for individual elements. Although the three effective heights are proportionally scaled versions of each other for isolated antennas, they differ for array elements due to mutual coupling effects that vary with termination conditions.