Individual and Environmental Factors Shaping Homework Behavior: A Three‐Level Investigation With Hierarchical Linear Modeling

ABSTRACT This study employed a multilevel, three‐stage hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) approach to examine the factors influencing homework completion, time, and effort behaviors among middle and high school students. The student‐level analysis encompassed a range of variables, including academic achievement, parental education, book ownership, age, homework motivation, emotions, parental involvement, personality, and attitudes. The class‐level analysis incorporated homework quality, feedback quality, autonomy support, and homework frequency, representing teacher involvement. The school‐level analysis included factors that reflected school‐level differences and involved both middle and high school students. The study's findings indicated that homework completion and effort are predominantly influenced by individual‐level factors, while homework time is significantly impacted by class‐level variables. The study underscores the significance of academic achievement, homework motivation, and parental involvement in predicting homework completion and effort. Conversely, teacher feedback quality and autonomy support emerged as important factors affecting homework time and completion rates. This complex model offers a detailed understanding of the details that shape homework behaviors (completion, time, and effort), providing a foundation for designing targeted interventions to enhance student achievement.