Efficient double-stage control scheme for improving power system frequency stability with electric vehicles

• Develop a new double-stage controller for LFC of Egyptian power system in the 2035 scenario. • Assess the Egyptian power system frequency stability considering load disturbances, RESs disturbances, and change in EPS inertia constant. • Study the effectiveness of EVs participation in frequency control of Egyptian power system considering G2V only or both G2V and V2G. The increasing integration of intermittent and uncertain renewable energy sources (RESs) poses significant challenges to power system frequency control due to their non-dispatchable nature and the resulting decline in system inertia. Addressing these challenges requires the development of advanced controller designs, effective optimization techniques for parameter tuning, and the inclusion of flexible resources such as electric vehicles (EVs). Recent studies have explored a wide range of control strategies, including integer-order, fractional-order, cascade, and advanced controllers, to improve frequency stability in RES-dominated systems. While integer-order controllers are simple and well-established, they often fail to meet the dynamic requirements of modern grids. Conversely, advanced controllers offer superior performance but are complex and harder to implement. Therefore, this paper proposes a developed double-stage control scheme for the frequency control of real renewable power grids, e.g., Egyptian power system (EPS) under the 2035 scenario, which features a significant proportion of RESs. The proposed control design combines a tilt fractional-order integral derivative (TFOID) controller with a proportional-integral (PI) controller. The controller provides very good performance and a good level of simplicity, making it easy to tune. The suggested TFOID-PI controller’s parameters are tuned using the Artificial Hummingbird Algorithm (AHA), a state-of-the-art powerful heuristic algorithm. Moreover, the study examines the effectiveness of EVs sharing in frequency control. The analysis considers a scenario in which EVs function in the grid to vehicle (G2V) only as a controllable load and another scenario where they function in G2V and vehicle to grid. The study findings prove the superiority of the proposed new controller over popular controllers, considering large variations in RESs and loads and system uncertainties. Additionally, it demonstrates the efficacy of EV contribution in frequency control when operating solely in charging mode or in both charging and discharging modes. The findings clarify the ability to satisfy EV owners' needs while providing frequency regulation service by smart charging of EVs operating in G2V mode.