Transformation in the context of uncertainty and compounding effects: Insights from marginal environments in India and Bangladesh

• The paper explores how deliberate transformation may arise from ‘below’ in marginal environments with high levels of climatic uncertainty. • Using the lens of transformation as praxis, we highlight pathways and practices that facilitate or impede transformative change. • Using a transdisciplinary approach, the focus is on exploring pathways to transformation drawing on bottom-up approaches. • We attempt to co-produce hybrid knowledge(s) combining Indigenous understandings of ecosystem changes with science-based scenarios. • We highlight the pluralist understanding of transformation through reimagining and reframing nature-society relations. The TAPESTRY project explores how deliberate transformation may arise from 'below’ in marginal environments with high levels of uncertainty. TAPESTRY is short for ‘Transformation as Praxis: Exploring Socially Just and Transdisciplinary Pathways to Sustainability in Marginal Environments’. TAPESTRY focuses on three ‘patches of transformation’ in India and Bangladesh – vulnerable coastal areas of Mumbai, the Sundarbans and Kutch which are experiencing diverse uncertainties emanating from climate change as well as anthropogenic factors including neoliberal urban development, economic growth and aggressive infrastructure development. The project focused on existing and emergent transformative alliances and asked how we can seek and support socially just and ecologically sound alternatives based on local people’s plural understandings of what transformation entails. What kind of hybrid alliances are emerging to facilitate these transformative processes in these locations? And what are the possibilities for scaling up and out of the positive learnings from these patches? A key conceptual innovation across all three patches was to think of transformation as praxis , by putting bottom-up change and the agency of marginalised people at the centre highlighting the practices and pathways of emergent changes and their barriers. In doing so, we address commonalities and differences across the three patches. A fragile coastline, shrinking and increasingly exploited mangrove forests, increasing exposure to climate hazards (such as cyclones, coastal erosion, flooding, sea level rise and extreme precipitation events), and diverse threats to marginal people’s livelihoods are the commonly observed factors. In terms of difference, we specifically focus on islanders in the transboundary Sundarbans forests (across the Bengal Delta in eastern India and Bangladesh), coastal fishing communities in the metropolitan region of Mumbai, and dryland pastoralists in Kutch in western India. Using a transdisciplinary approach, a central focus is on exploring pathways to transformation through a bottom-up approach using participatory methods including stakeholder roundtables, photovoice, and mixed methods. Through local and regional collaborations, we attempted to co-produce hybrid knowledge combining Indigenous understandings of ecosystem changes and climate impacts with science-based scenarios. The aim was to restore resource-based livelihoods by showcasing local community perspectives in local-level environmental governance.