DESIGNING PROBLEMS CONTAINING PRACTICAL SITUATIONS IN TEACHING NUMBERS AND OPERATIONS FOR 5TH GRADE STUDENTS

In the context of modern education, the objective is not merely to transmit knowledge but also to enable learners to effectively apply the acquired knowledge and skills to real-life situations. To achieve this goal, teachers are required to innovate their teaching methods, fostering students’ selfdirected learning, critical thinking, and capacity for exploration. This study focuses on the design of mathematics problems embedded in real-world contexts, specifically within the topic of Numbers and Calculations in Grade 5. The paper introduces the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach—an instructional method that emphasizes learning mathematics through meaningful, real-life situations. Accordingly, the article analyzes the aims, roles, and benefits of using real-world problems in the new general education curriculum. It also clarifies the concepts of "situation" and "reality" from philosophical, educational, and social science perspectives. These discussions aim to support teachers in developing engaging and relatable lessons, thereby enhancing teaching effectiveness and fostering students’ competencies—particularly within the current context of educational reform.