Impact of Nanoparticles on Seed Germination and Biomass Production

The widespread application of nanoparticles (NPs) in various industries, including agriculture, raises concerns about their unintended impacts on the environment, particularly on plants. Seed germination and biomass production are critical parameters in evaluating plant health and productivity, making them ideal indicators to assess NP exposure effects. While certain nanoparticles can enhance germination rates and promote plant growth at low concentrations, others may induce phytotoxicity, impairing germination and biomass accumulation. The response varies depending on nanoparticle type, size, concentration, and plant species. Understanding the intricate interactions between NPs and plants is crucial for developing sustainable agricultural practices and for environmental risk assessment. This paper reviews the current knowledge on the impact of nanoparticles on seed germination and biomass production, discusses underlying mechanisms, and highlights key factors influencing plant responses. It also outlines potential agricultural applications of nanoparticles, while emphasizing the need for cautious deployment to prevent ecological risks. The findings call for further long-term studies and the development of standardized methodologies to fully understand the ecological consequences of nanoparticles. Emphasis is placed on bridging the knowledge gap to ensure that nanotechnology contributes positively to agricultural sustainability without compromising environmental integrity.