Membrane-based biomimetic delivery systems for glioblastoma multiforme therapy

Abstract Recent breakthroughs in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment have been driven by nanotherapeutics utilizing cellular membranes. This approach combines the unique properties of cellular membranes with the advantages of nanomaterials, mimicking the physiological functions of natural cells. These biomimetic systems can effectively cross the blood–brain barrier and deliver drugs precisely to the brain, significantly improving targeted drug delivery. This review explores various types of cellular membranes – such as those from red blood cells, immune cells (including natural killer cells, T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils), cancer cells, stem cells, and hybrid cell membranes – that have been used in developing biomimetic systems for GBM treatment. These membranes not only retain the targeting characteristics of their parent cells but can also be enhanced for GBM cell recognition through gene editing or ligand modification. This article also discusses the construction methods for biomimetic nanoparticles and their in vitro validation techniques. Finally, the review outlines the challenges of membrane coating and potential strategies for translating these systems into clinical use. It is anticipated that these innovative membrane-coated nanoparticles will provide new therapeutic options for GBM patients.