Advances in the Study of Nicotinamide Mononucleotides in the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases

烟酰胺单核苷酸(NMN)作为烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)的前体分子，近年来在代谢性疾病治疗和衰老干预方面引起了广泛关注。NAD+在细胞内发挥着多种重要的生物学功能，包括能量代谢、DNA修复、免疫调节及抗衰老等。随着年龄增长，NAD+水平逐渐下降，这与多种代谢性疾病如糖尿病、肥胖症、非酒精性脂肪性肝病及衰老过程密切相关。NMN通过提升NAD+水平，已经在动物实验和初步临床研究中表现出显著的治疗潜力，尤其在改善代谢紊乱、减缓衰老及相关并发症方面展现了积极的效果。研究表明，NMN能够调节多个关键的代谢途径，如胰岛素信号通路、线粒体功能及抗氧化反应等，从而改善代谢性疾病的病理变化。本文综述了NMN在代谢性疾病中的作用及机制，探讨了其临床应用前景，并提出了当前研究中的不足与挑战。未来的研究应聚焦于临床验证、NMN的生物利用度、作用机制的深入探索，以及与其他治疗策略的协同效应，为NMN的临床应用提供更加坚实的科学依据。Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), as a precursor molecule of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), has attracted much attention in recent years in the treatment of metabolic diseases and aging interventions. NAD+ performs a variety of important biological functions in cells, including energy metabolism, DNA repair, immune regulation, and anti-aging. NAD+ levels decline with age, which is closely related to a variety of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and the aging process. NMN has demonstrated significant therapeutic potential in animal experiments and preliminary clinical studies by elevating NAD+ levels, and has shown positive effects in improving metabolic disorders, slowing down the aging process, and related complications. Studies have shown that NMN can modulate several key metabolic pathways, such as insulin signaling pathway, mitochondrial function and antioxidant response, and thus ameliorate pathological changes in metabolic diseases. This article summarizes the role and mechanism of NMN in metabolic diseases, discusses the prospect of its clinical application, and presents the shortcomings and challenges in current research. Future studies should focus on clinical validation, bioavailability of NMN, in-depth exploration of the mechanism of action, and synergistic effects with other therapeutic strategies to provide a more solid scientific basis for the clinical application of NMN.