Whole Body Bone Mineral Density and Bone Mineral Content among Physically Active Adults in Duhok City, Iraq

Background: Bone health disparities between genders play a key role in osteoporosis risk, especially among older adults. Comparative research on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) across genders is vital for tailored prevention strategies. Objective(s): This research examined gender-based differences in BMD and BMC using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and assessed related osteopenia and osteoporosis risks. Methods: A cross-sectional study analyzed 143 adult participants (30 men, 113 women). DXA scans evaluated BMC, BMD, T-scores, and Z-scores at multiple skeletal sites. Gender comparisons were statistically analyzed. Results: Men had significantly greater BMC (1.40±0.22 kg vs. 1.11±0.37 kg, p < 0.0001) and BMD (0.84±0.10 g/cm² vs. 0.71±0.12 g/cm², p < 0.0001) than women. T-scores reflected osteopenia/osteoporosis risk in both groups, though women showed poorer outcomes (-2.85±2.97 vs. -2.54±0.60, p < 0.001). Z-scores further indicated elevated osteopenia risk in women (-1.55±1.17 vs. -2.09±0.58). Conclusion: Women exhibited markedly lower BMD and BMC than men, underscoring their increased vulnerability to bone deterioration. Gender-focused interventions are essential for reducing osteoporosis risk.