CLASSIFICAÇÕES E APLICAÇÕES DOS ENXERTOS ÓSSEOS NA REGENERAÇÃO TECIDUAL GUIADA: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA DA LITERATURA

Introduction: Bone tissue repair and the science of technology allow new methods and materials to be developed, so a multidisciplinary approach is essential to achieve successful regeneration. Autogenous grafts, transferred from one structure to another in the same individual, are considered the gold standard, that is, the best option for hard tissue repair. Allogeneic and xenogenous grafts are good alternatives, however there is evidence of greater risks of disease transmission and immunorejection. Synthetic substitutes, on the other hand, have the advantages of unlimited supply and no need for a donor area. Objective: Through an integrative literature review, to carry out an overview of trends, innovations and current approaches to the types of bone graft, in addition to identifying advantages and disadvantages of each one. Methodology: There was a bibliographic survey with selection of articles published in the last 10 years (2012 to 2022), in Medline, SciELO, PubMed, Scopus and CAPES journals, in addition to the search for the theme in reference bibliographies in the area of ​​Periodontics, through the search engines: “bone regeneration”, “biomaterials”, “bone grafts”, “biocompatible materials”, “periodontics” and “bone transplantation”. As inclusion criteria, there are articles published in Portuguese, English and Spanish, with full text availability for public consultation, publications indexed in national and international journals and that address the aforementioned theme. Non-original articles, abstracts in proceedings, studies with animals and with translational methodology and those that do not address the study theme, as well as publications prior to the year 2012, were excluded. Results and discussion: Autogenous grafts are taken from the patient, presenting no risk of rejection, since the bone belongs to the patient and has compatible immunological components. Allogeneic grafts are those obtained from the Human Tissue Bank and are the most hermetic and judicious method, since the biocompatibility analysis must precede the procedure. Xenogenous (or heterogenous) grafts come from a donor of another animal species, usually of porcine or bovine origin. Bone comes in powder form and has lower rejection rates. There is the advantage that the formation of the graft mimics the human medullary bone, being easily incorporated into the tissue. Finally, the synthetic graft is produced in the laboratory. Usually made with materials such as polymers, ceramics or synthetic hydroxyapatite, with biocompatibility. New procedures are being developed in order to improve rehabilitation, especially with regard to the use of stem cells and improvements in the osseointegration properties of grafts. Final considerations: The promotion of tangible studies on this topic contributes to popularization and to a better prognosis of the patient with fewer complications, in addition to the introduction of the technique in the daily life of the professional with greater naturalness and simplicity.