Trade Wars in International Relations

Departemen Hubungan Internasional FISIP UNPAD inflate the prices of goods, and heighten the risk of economic stagnation.Over the long term, trade wars can exacerbate geopolitical tensions, undermine political stability, and even provoke armed conflicts (Saeed, 2023).However, in certain contexts, trade wars can yield a "blessing in disguise."Domestically, these conflicts can galvanize social cohesion and enhance political legitimacy, especially when governments successfully frame the situation as a defense of national interests (Mueller, 1973); (Snyder, 2000); (Grey, 2009); (Frieden, 1991).Furthermore, trade wars present valuable opportunities for domestic reform and the formation of new political alliances driven by economic interests (Skocpol, 1979); (Gourevitch, 1986); (Rogowski, 1989).On the international stage, countries can bolster their diplomatic bargaining power, forge new coalitions (Walt, 1987), and reorganize economic relations to confront geopolitical pressures (Keohane & Nye, 1973).(Gilpin, 1981); (Goldstein, Rivers, & Tomz, 2007).Nations not directly involved can also reap benefits by maintaining stable economic relations, acting as neutral mediators, and contributing to the development of new norms and institutions in the global trading system (Lipset, 1959); (Nye, 2004); (Finnemore, 1998); (Krasner, 1982 ).Ultimately, trade wars transcend the simplistic notions of tariffs and quotas; they vividly illustrate the dynamics of power within the international system.These conflicts serve as a battleground where economic, political, and strategic interests converge, making the economy both a tool and an arena for vying for influence within the everevolving global order.Trade wars are a critical and enduring aspect of international relations, deeply embedded in the history of civilizations.They have evolved significantly in response to shifts in civilization and the global economic landscape.While the fundamental concept remains unchanged, the nature, causes, motives, and methods of implementation have transformed radically from ancient times to the present, clearly illustrating the interconnection of economic, political, and military interests.In Ancient Greece and Rome (8th century BC to 5th century AD), trade wars were inseparable from military conflicts (Finley, 1999).Competition over trade routes and vital resources, such as grain and metals, often ignited warfare.The prevailing idea was firmly rooted in a "zero-sum" game, where the gain of one party equated to the total loss of another.Control over trade routes and raw materials was essential for the survival of a