Optimization Operation Research of Virtual Power Plant Based on Stackelberg Game Theory

As new power systems evolve, the number of prosumers, including commercial buildings, is steadily increasing. By forming clusters, prosumers can efficiently engage in virtual power plant (VPP) operations, enabling optimized management of flexible resources. This study introduces the VPP operational framework, highlighting the roles of VPP operators, shared energy storage providers, and prosumers. Optimization models are developed for VPP operators, shared energy storage providers, and prosumers. A Stackelberg game model is proposed to analyze the interaction between VPP operators and prosumers under the shared energy storage framework, with the equilibrium solution proven to exist and be unique. The model is implemented on MATLAB using the CPLEX solver combined with a genetic algorithm to optimize strategies for both VPP operators and prosumers. Simulation results demonstrate the model's effectiveness in balancing the interests of all parties while achieving mutual benefits between prosumers and shared energy storage providers.