Bidirectional Energy Flow in Vehicle-to-Grid and Grid-to-Vehicle Systems with Solar Integration: A Simulink-Based Approach

This paper presents the design and simulation of an integrated Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) system with additional solar power generation, developed using Simulink. The system facilitates bidirectional energy flow between electric vehicle (EV) batteries and the power grid, utilizing insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) for efficient AC-DC conversion. Unlike previous works, it incorporates an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) for seamless mode transitions and achieves a near-unity power factor in both operational modes within a very short time, ensuring minimal losses and optimized energy flow. The model includes buck and boost converters for voltage regulation, a three-level Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) strategy for grid stability, and high-frequency single-pulse modulation to prevent transformer saturation in high-frequency transformers (HFTs). Filters are employed to minimize harmonic distortion, enhancing power quality and system stability. In V2G mode, the system delivers $14,400 \mathrm{~W}$ to the grid, supplemented by $3,000 \mathrm{~W}$ from solar power under standard conditions ($500 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}$ irradiance, $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$), while in G2V mode, it draws $8,500 \mathrm{~W}$ to charge the EV battery. The inclusion of solar power and the novel ATS design make this system highly efficient and unique, demonstrating its potential to advance smart grid technology, enhance grid stability, and integrate renewable energy for sustainable energy infrastructures.