Planning Methods of Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping and Charging System in Low-Carbon Urban Transportation and Power Networks

Electric vehicle battery swapping stations (BSSs) offer time-shiftable and spatially transferable loads, serving as flexible grid resources to enhance renewable energy integration. Optimized battery management further unlocks their potential for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) support. Coordinated load regulation and battery scheduling thus advance low-carbon urban transportation and grid stability. This study proposes a stochastic battery management model for Electric vehicle (EV) swapping-charging systems under supply-demand uncertainties, optimizing a “distributed swapping, centralized charging” strategy. First, we analyze BSS-grid-traffic interactions with network constraints. Next, a centralized charging station planning model is developed, prioritizing service quality, grid resilience, and decarbonization. Case studies using real urban BSS layouts and distribution networks, solved via an improved immune algorithm, demonstrate that optimized strategies ensure service reliability while boosting renewable utilization and reducing carbon emissions in urban power-transport networks.