Heavy Metal Analysis and MicrobiologicalCharacterization of Composted Human ExcretaDerived Fertilizer

The continuous use of inorganic fertilisers poses a threat to soil fertility and ecosystem stability. The use of human excreta-derived fertiliser is at the forefront of sustainable agriculture, delivering benefits such as improved crop output and soil health. However, one of the most significant barriers to HDEF adoption is psychological stigma caused by sickness anxiety. The purpose of this study is to analyse the quality of three composts made from human excreta fertiliser by analysing their microbiological properties and metal pollution risk. The heavy metal concentrations of the composts were as follows: Zn > Cu >Pb> Cr > Ni. Their concentrations were determined to be within permitted limits. Bacteria such as Micrococcus flavus, Micrococcus varians, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Bacillus subtilis, Xanthomonascampestris, Clostridium perfringes, Alcaligenesfaecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus were identified in the compost. Our data show that the composts had lower metal toxicity, however additional methods to reduce the compost's hygiene risk should be addressed