Optimizing the Design of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for High Performance in Defence Applications

This paper investigates energyefficient design strategies for high-altitude, highendurance unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Key factors affecting UAV performance were studied and analyzed, including aerodynamic optimization, propulsion systems, and advanced energy storage technologies. The study highlighted the importance of aerodynamic design principles, such as wing optimization and drag reduction, along with the use of lightweight materials, such as carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP), to enhance UAV performance. Various propulsion technologies, including solar-electric, hydrogen fuel cells and hybrid systems, were examined for their potential to maximize energy use and minimize environmental impact. The paper also discussed the integration of advanced battery technologies and energy management systems to improve operational autonomy. In addition, four flyover studies were analyzed to better understand the theoretical framework. The paper concluded with insights into future trends, such as solid-state batteries and additive manufacturing, that are shaping the next generation of energy-efficient UAVs.