Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Emerging Applications in Agriculture and Biomedicine for Enhancing Crop Production and Human Health

Nanotechnology is an emerging field with vast potential in agriculture and biomedicine due to its unique physicochemical properties. Silver nanoparticles (SNPs), typically ranging from 1–100 nm, have garnered significant interest for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and therapeutic effects. This review focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and multifunctional applications of SNPs in both the agricultural and biomedical sectors. Various synthesis methods, including biological approaches, are explored, along with the mechanisms through which SNPs exert their effects. In agriculture, SNPs have shown promise in enhancing soil quality, improving plant growth, and controlling crop diseases through nano-fertilizers and nano-pesticides. In the biomedical field, SNPs are used in antibacterial and antibiofilm treatments, wound healing, dentistry, bone and cardiac implants, and cancer therapy. Given the increasing global population and the urgent need for sustainable solutions in food and healthcare systems, SNPs offer a promising avenue for improving crop productivity and human health.