Research Progress of Thioredoxin

硫氧还蛋白(Trx)是一种广泛分布于真核与原核生物的多功能蛋白质，其功能依赖于活性位点的氧化还原循环。作为硫氧还蛋白系统的核心组分，Trx与硫氧还蛋白还原酶(TrxR)及烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)协同作用，通过调节细胞内氧化还原平衡参与多种生理过程，包括细胞增殖调控、凋亡抑制及基因表达调控。本文系统综述了Trx的分子分类、结构特征、生物学功能及其在心血管疾病、糖尿病、神经退行性疾病和肿瘤等病理过程中的作用机制，为深入探索Trx的生理病理意义提供理论依据。Thioredoxin (Trx) is a multifunctional protein widely distributed in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and its function depends on the redox cycle at the active site. As a core component of the thioredoxin system, Trx works in concert with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to regulate intracellular redox balance and participate in various physiological processes, including cell proliferation regulation, apoptosis inhibition, and gene expression regulation. This article systematically reviews the molecular classification, structural characteristics, biological functions of Trx, and its mechanism of action in pathological processes such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and tumors, providing a theoretical basis for in-depth exploration of the physiological and pathological significance of Trx.