Prevalence and Determinants of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) among Pregnant Women in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Analysis of Ministry of Health Data

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a significant public health concern that poses risks to both mothers and infants. The condition can lead to complications such as preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, and long-term health issues for both the mother and child, including an increased risk of type 2 diabetes later in life. This study aims to analyze the prevalence and determinants of GDM among pregnant women in Saudi Arabia using retrospective data from the Ministry of Health. A total of 5,000 medical records were reviewed, revealing an overall GDM prevalence of 18.5%, with the highest rates observed in women aged 30-39 years (25%) and those with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher (65%). The study identified several. key determinants, including advanced maternal age, obesity, family history of diabetes, and socioeconomic status. Notably, women with a family history of diabetes had a 2.1-fold increased risk of developing GDM, while those with lower socioeconomic status showed a 1.5- fold increased likelihood. The prevalence of GDM varied significantly by region, with urban areas exhibiting higher rates (20% in Riyadh) compared to rural regions (12%). Additionally, the mean gestational age at diagnosis was found to be 28.5 weeks, indicating the importance of early screening and intervention. The findings highlight the urgency of addressing GDM through targeted interventions and public health strategies, particularly in high-risk populations. This research underscores the need for comprehensive screening programs and educational initiatives aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles among pregnant women, especially in light of the rising prevalence of obesity and sedentary behavior in Saudi Arabia