The Co-Evolution of Paleoclimate, Paleoceanography, and Sedimentation in the Yanshan Basin, North China: Records from the Yangzhuang Formation of the Jixian Section

The Yangzhuang Formation of the Mesoproterozoic Jixian System exhibits a well-developed carbonate sedimentary sequence. However, the carbonate cycles within the Yangzhuang Formation and their co-evolution with paleoclimate and paleoceanographic environment changes remain insufficiently studied. This study conducts a systematic investigation of the rhythmic layers of the Yangzhuang Formation within the Yanshan Basin, North China, through major and trace element analysis, rare earth element analysis, inorganic carbon isotope analysis, granulometric analysis, and time series analysis. The results show that the low content of terrigenous clastics (11.2%~32.6%), slow sedimentation rate (2.2–2.5 cm/ka), Mg/Ca molar ratio close to 1 (1.05–1.53), and small fluctuation of δ13Ccarb (−0.37‰~−0.05‰) in Member 3 of the Yangzhuang Formation constitutes the processes of co-evolution, along with a mid-phase fluctuation. It indicates the stable evolution of the sedimentary environment and slow ocean expansion speed. However, there is a fluctuating characteristic affected by the breakup of the Colombian supercontinent. The chemical and granulometric analysis of the red and gray layers shows that the terrigenous materials are mainly derived from the eolian sediments, with differences in the wind carrying materials. The time series analysis of the dense samples displays the coupling between the rhythm of the red and gray layers, the inorganic carbon isotope cycle, and the 15 ka precessional cycle in the Mesoproterozoic. We conclude that the rhythm of layers is mainly affected by the monsoon change driven by low-latitude solar radiation at that time, and the age of the Yangzhuang Formation is limited to 1550~1520 ± 2 Ma. The study of the Mesoproterozoic sequence using geochemical data from carbonate deposits reveals the underlying mechanism of global co-evolution during this period, providing a basis for understanding the evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Earth system.