The Use of Intenal and External Quality Assurance in Higher Learning Institutions: A Case of a University in Zambia

Quality assurance (QA) in higher education is vital for maintaining and enhancing academic standards. This study explores the roles and underlying purposes of both internal and external quality assurance (IQA and EQA) mechanisms within higher learning institutions. Employing a qualitative research approach, data were collected through unstructured interview guides administered to ten (10) university lecturers. A case study of X University was conducted, which demonstrated the implementation of robust IQA and EQA systems, highlighting both best practices and associated challenges. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the collected data. Findings revealed that participants had a clear understanding of both IQA and EQA. Identified roles of IQA included self-regulation, internal review, assessment, curriculum development, promotion of a quality culture, continuous improvement, stakeholder engagement, and faculty development. EQA roles encompassed external evaluations, accreditation, auditing, regulatory compliance, benchmarking, public accountability, and assurance of adherence to national and international standards. The alignment of internal and external QA was identified as a best practice contributing to the university’s positive reputation. Challenges noted included limited financial and human resources, time constraints, and resistance to change. The study recommends that university management prioritize resourcing QA activities through government and private sector support. Furthermore, orientation and short-term training programs for lecturers should be implemented to address resistance to change. Finally, alignment between IQA and EQA processes should be strengthened, with institutional leaders promoting a culture of shared responsibility and integrity in QA practices.