Comparative evaluation of seed chlorophyll content, colour, and yield traits in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

Fenugreek has grown globally for thousands of years and is used in diverse ways, including as a food flavoring agent, essential oil production, and traditional medicinal practices. Ongoing research continues to explore new applications and potential uses for fenugreek by-products. The study included ten newly developed green-seeded fenugreek genotypes, which were evaluated alongside five released conventional yellow-seeded varieties for comparative analysis. The average seed yield ranged from 1,317 kg/ha (IC-0633368) to 2,260 kg/ha (IC-0633369). Among the yellow-seeded conventional fenugreek varieties, AFg-4 (2,120 kg/ha) and AFg-5 (2,108 kg/ha) consistently recorded higher yields across all seasons, suggesting superior genetic potential. Mean seed chlorophyll values ranged from 0.424 mg/g (AFg-4) to 0.678 mg/g (IC-0633362). Notably, green-seeded genotypes such as IC-0633362, IC-0633369, and IC-0633370 recorded higher mean chlorophyll contents (above 0.65 mg/g) with a dark olive-green shade. The higher value of chlorophyll percentage is related to the dark colour of the seed. The genotype IC-0633362, which has the maximum amount of chlorophyll content, is darkest in green colour with the shade name Dark olive green. The presence of the high amount of chlorophyll in green-seeded fenugreek represents a promising functional marker for use in breeding programs targeting improved seed quality for medicinal values and attractiveness. Specifically, it holds significant potential for enhancing the nutraceutical and medicinal value of fenugreek, particularly under diverse agro-climatic conditions.