Pharmacological properties of natural opioids, their toxicity and dangers of use

Despite their effectiveness as analgesics, antitussives, antispasmodics and constipation drugs, opioids possess many side effects. Moreover, their easy availability contributes to the problem of addiction. In the following review, we focused on the toxicity and side effects of the four most common opioids – morphine, Codeine, Noscapine and Papaverine – to provide reliable information for students, doctors and pharmacists. Their pharmacological effects, as well as side effects have been described. Słowa kluczowe: opioids, toxicity, codeine, morphine, noscapine, papaverine