Generic model for evaluation of vertical flight efficiency in climb and descent phases: a case study review

Vertical flight efficiency (VFE) is essential for evaluating the economic and environmental impacts of the air traffic management (ATM) system. Inefficiencies in vertical flight operations cause monetary detriments to airspace users and negative environmental effects. Implementing continuous descent and climb operations during arrivals and departures is recommended to mitigate these issues. This research paper introduces a model to quantify flight efficiency impacts during climb and descent phases. It provides empirical data demonstrating the economic and environmental consequences of inefficiencies. The paper outlines the research context, conceptual frameworks, and methodologies used, supported by a real-world case study. The developed model enables the development of strategies to improve flight efficiency. The findings contribute to the sustainable development of the ATM system, highlighting the importance of enhancing VFE from both an economic and environmental viewpoint.