Sustainable Intentions, Unsustainable Outcomes: Green Technologies, Environmental Taxes, and the Carbon Cost of Economic Growth

Environmental degradation has become a global issue. CO2 emissions lie at the heart of this issue. Therefore, the determinants of CO2 emissions are becoming important. This study focuses on the relationship between CO2 emissions and environmental technological innovation, environmental taxes and income for the Turkish economy. Traditional unit root tests and Fourier ADF unit root tests were used in the light of data for the period 1994-2022. Augmented ARDL method was used to determine the long-term relationship. FMOLS, DOLS and CCR were used as long-term estimators. Empirical findings revealed that environmental technical innovations, environmental taxes and increases in income increased CO2 emissions. These results showed that technological innovations and environmental measures were not successful in reducing CO2 emissions. The findings provide important insights into environmental and technology policy implementations for Türkiye, which is among the developing countries.