Invasion Dynamics and Migration Patterns of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Shaanxi, China

The fall armyworm (<i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>) is a highly invasive agricultural pest that has caused significant damage to maize and other crops since its initial detection in China in 2019. Understanding its invasion dynamics, migration patterns, genetic diversity, and overwintering capacity is crucial for developing effective pest management strategies. This study investigates these aspects in Shaanxi Province, a critical transitional zone between northern and southern climates in China, from 2019 to 2023. We conducted field surveys in six cities across Shaanxi to monitor the initial infestation of FAW. Migration trajectories were simulated using the HYSPLIT model, integrating pest occurrence data and meteorological information. Genetic analyses were performed on 113 FAW individuals from 12 geographical populations using mitochondrial <i>COI</i> and nuclear <i>Tpi</i> genes. Additionally, an overwintering experiment was conducted to assess the survival of FAW pupae under local winter conditions. The first detection dates of FAW in Shaanxi showed significant interannual variation, with a trend of delayed infestation each year. Three primary migration routes into Shaanxi were identified, originating from Sichuan, Hubei-Chongqing, and Henan. Genetic analysis revealed a predominance of the rice-strain FAW in Shaanxi, with some corn-strain variants in northern regions. The overwintering experiment indicated that FAW pupae could not survive the winter in Shaanxi, suggesting that the region does not support year-round breeding of this pest. This study provides comprehensive insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics and migration patterns of FAW in Shaanxi. The findings highlight the importance of integrated pest management approaches, including monitoring migration routes and genetic diversity, to develop targeted control measures. The inability of FAW to overwinter in Shaanxi suggests that regional climate conditions play a significant role in limiting its year-round presence, which is valuable information for designing early warning systems and sustainable pest management strategies.