TOI-2407 b: a warm Neptune in the desert

ABSTRACT We present the validation of TOI-2407 b, a warm Neptune-sized planet with a radius of $4.26\pm 0.26$ R$_{\oplus }$, orbiting an early M-type star with a period of 2.7 d and an equilibrium temperature of $705\pm 12$ K. The planet was identified by Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometry and validated in this work through multiwavelength ground-based follow-up observations. We include an observation with the novel complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-based infrared instrument SPeculoos InfraRed Imager for Transits (SPIRIT) at the Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars (SPECULOOS) Southern Observatory. The high-precision transit data enabled by CMOS detectors underscore their potential for improving the detection and characterization of exoplanets orbiting M-dwarfs, particularly in the infrared, where these stars emit most of their radiation. TOI-2407 b lies within the boundaries of the period–radius Neptune desert, an apparent scarcity of Neptune-sized planets at short orbits. Further characterization of TOI-2407 b, such as radial-velocity measurements, will refine its position within planetary demographic trends. This system also provides a comparison case for the well-studied Neptune-sized planet Gliese 436 b, of similar radius, period and stellar type. Comparison studies could aid the understanding of the formation and evolution of Neptune-like planets around M-dwarfs.

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Publication Details

Journal
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Published
2025-06-11
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf946
Citations
2
Primary Topic
Astro and Planetary Science
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
2.31

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article

TOI-2407 b: a warm Neptune in the desert

Benjamin V. Rackham, Andrew W. Mann, M. Gillon, Daniel Sebastian et al.
2 citations
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Astro and Planetary Science
2.31
article

TOI-2407 b: a warm Neptune in the desert

Benjamin V. Rackham, Andrew W. Mann, M. Gillon, Daniel Sebastian, F. J. Pozuelos, Joseph D. Twicken, Emmanuël Jehin, D. Queloz, Georgina Dransfield, Adam J. Burgasser, Sebastián Zúñiga-Fernández, X. Bonfıls, Karen A. Collins, A. H. M. J. Triaud, Jose Manuel Almenara, Mathilde Timmermans, Khalid Barkaoui, P. P. Pedersen, Carl Ziegler, M. J. Hooton, Brice-Olivier Demory, Mourad Ghachoui, Keivan G. Stassun, Samantha Thompson
article en
2 citations

Abstract

ABSTRACT We present the validation of TOI-2407 b, a warm Neptune-sized planet with a radius of $4.26\pm 0.26$ R$_{\oplus }$, orbiting an early M-type star with a period of 2.7 d and an equilibrium temperature of $705\pm 12$ K. The planet was identified by Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometry and validated in this work through multiwavelength ground-based follow-up observations. We include an observation with the novel complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-based infrared instrument SPeculoos InfraRed Imager for Transits (SPIRIT) at the Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars (SPECULOOS) Southern Observatory. The high-precision transit data enabled by CMOS detectors underscore their potential for improving the detection and characterization of exoplanets orbiting M-dwarfs, particularly in the infrared, where these stars emit most of their radiation. TOI-2407 b lies within the boundaries of the period–radius Neptune desert, an apparent scarcity of Neptune-sized planets at short orbits. Further characterization of TOI-2407 b, such as radial-velocity measurements, will refine its position within planetary demographic trends. This system also provides a comparison case for the well-studied Neptune-sized planet Gliese 436 b, of similar radius, period and stellar type. Comparison studies could aid the understanding of the formation and evolution of Neptune-like planets around M-dwarfs.

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical SocietyVol. 541(1)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US), University of Geneva (CH), University of Bern (CH), Cadi Ayyad University (MA), Ames Research Center (US), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), Planetary Science Institute (US), University of Liège (BE), Vanderbilt University (US), Stephen F. Austin State University (US), Northeast Catholic College (US), ETH Zurich (CH), University of California San Diego (US), University of Oxford (GB), HES-SO Genève (CH), Cavendish Hospital (GB), Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US), Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (ES), Wolfgang Pauli Institute (AT), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (ES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US), University of Birmingham (GB), Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (US), Université Grenoble Alpes (FR)
National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Simons Foundation, Spine Education and Research Institute, California Institute of Technology, Michigan State University, Heising-Simons Foundation, University of Cambridge, European Commission, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Nuclear Safety and Security Commission, Fondation Francqui - Stichting, Svensk Njurmedicinsk Förening, Ames Research Center, Goddard Space Flight Center, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Science Mission Directorate, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et dans l’Agriculture, Staatssekretariat für Bildung, Forschung und Innovation, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, H2020 European Research Council
Openalex Percentile: Top 11%
Astro and Planetary Science
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