Electric Vehicle Impacts on Electric Power System: A Literature Survey

The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is driving a sustainable transformation in the transportation sector while also exerting significant technical and operational impacts on power transmission and distribution systems. The integration of EVs into the grid enhances renewable energy utilization, improves demand-side management, and supports the advancement of smart grid applications. However, high-penetration and uncontrolled EV charging loads can cause sudden power fluctuations, leading to voltage imbalances, harmonic distortions, transformer overloading, and power quality issues. In particular, the increasing deployment of fast-charging stations places additional strain on the existing transmission infrastructure, posing risks to system reliability. This study evaluates the effects of EVs on power transmission systems by reviewing recent research in the literature. Various types of electric vehicles are compared in terms of their technical characteristics, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The impact of EV charging on voltage drop at different points in radial and parallel feeders is analyzed, highlighting potential technical challenges and proposing mitigation strategies. Charging infrastructures are assessed based on unidirectional (G2V) and bidirectional (V2G, V2H, V2B) energy flow mechanisms, with a comparative analysis of their benefits and limitations. Additionally, the impact of EV penetration on grid stability is examined, and advanced solutions such as smart charging systems, dynamic pricing strategies, and intelligent energy management approaches are proposed for sustainable energy management. Ultimately, to ensure the effective and reliable integration of EVs into the grid, it is crucial to establish a resilient transmission infrastructure supported by adaptive protection systems and flexible, smart energy management solutions. In this context, the implementation of strategies incorporating renewable energy integration, distributed energy management, and hybrid storage solutions is of critical importance.