Assessment of Electromagnetic Forces in Transformers Under Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Conditions

Transformers are critical components in power systems, and the reliability of the electrical system largely depends on their operating conditions. Methods such as open-circuit and short-circuit tests play an important role in transformer design. This study focuses on the investigation of electromagnetic forces. Using finite element models, electromagnetic forces are calculated for two-winding transformer through open-circuit and short-circuit testing applications. Accurate computation of forces during short circuits is crucial for designers, as these forces can lead to damage in transformers. In this work, a three-dimensional model is developed to evaluate the short-circuit forces acting on various phases of a transformer, taking into account the inrush current.