Nanoparticle mediated gene therapy for Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological illness that is gradual and irreversible, characterized by cognitive impairment and memory loss.Although amyloid plaque deposition has been found to be the most prevalent AD pathology, Alzheimer's dementia is also closely linked to increased acetylcholinesterase activity, reactive oxygen species, and excessive buildup of phosphorylated or total tau proteins.Numerous treatment strategies that aim to address these pathogenic pathways have not succeeded in preclinical or clinical trials, in part because of the existing regimens' low drug half-life, poor cell and blood-brain barrier penetration, and restricted bioavailability.Nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery methods are superior options because they increase drug solubility and bioavailability.Drug efficacy is also increased by NPs-mediated strategies, which enable targeted drug delivery and multiple drug loadings.However, some NPs have the potential to cause acute toxicity that damages tissue and cellular architecture, hence it is important to choose NP materials carefully.The recent NPs-mediated investigations that detect, classify, and cure afflicted brain diseases in order to take advantage of different pathological mechanisms of AD are compiled in this review.We also discuss about the future elements and drawbacks of specific NP-based deliveries.This study was performed via a systematic literature search in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, utilizing keywords including "Alzheimer's disease," "nanoparticles," "drug delivery," and "gene therapy," concentrating on papers published from 1994 to 2024.We aggregated contemporary NP-based methodologies for the detection, classification, and treatment of AD by utilizing several pathogenic processes.Ultimately, we examined the existing constraints and prospective development of NP-mediated therapeutics.