Assessment of Heavy Metals Concentration in Ground Water in Gboko, Nigeria

Access to clean water is fundamental for public health, yet in many regions, including Gboko, Nigeria, water sources are increasingly compromised by the presence of arsenic and toxic heavy metals due to growing industrial activities and automobile workshops. This study assessed the concentration of heavy metals in groundwater sources in Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria, to evaluate their suitability for human consumption with the aim was to determine the levels of heavy metals, such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), Mn and zinc (Zn), and compare them against WHO standards. Specific objectives included sampling borehole and well water from five strategic locations, conducting laboratory analysis, and identifying potential health risks associated with elevated metal concentrations. A total of ten groundwater samples (five each from boreholes and wells) were collected and analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results revealed varying concentrations of the targeted metals across different locations. Notably, lead and cadmium levels in several samples exceeded WHO permissible limits, raising health concerns due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. Zinc and copper remained within safe limits, while iron and chromium exhibited slightly elevated levels in select areas. The findings suggest that anthropogenic activities such as industrial waste disposal, agricultural runoff, and poor sanitation practices contribute significantly to groundwater contamination in Gboko. The discussion emphasises the urgent need for improved waste management and regular monitoring to prevent long-term public health risks. In conclusion, while some groundwater sources in Gboko remain safe, others pose serious health threats due to high heavy metal concentrations. It is recommended that local authorities enforce stricter environmental regulations and promote public awareness to ensure access to safe drinking water.