Vibration Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells in Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Survey

The global movement towards an electrified world and reduced use of fossil fuels is growing stronger, especially in the automotive sector. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) undoubtedly represent the main energy storage and generation systems of powertrains and subsystems for electric vehicles (EVs), with some architectures possibly combining both devices. Accordingly, the reliability and durability of both LIBs and PEMFCs under real-world scenarios are critical to the further development of EVs. Actual operating conditions include the presence of mechanical vibrations. Nonetheless, much research has yet to be done for understanding the effects of vibrations on these devices. This study, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first comprehensive, in-depth review of the literature, attempts to understand the gaps by exploring the most critical factors that affect the performance, durability, and reliability of LIBs and PEMFCs when exposed to vibration in automotive applications. Both numerical and experimental studies are reviewed with a particular focus on mechanical responses, state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), and thermal interactions in LIBs, as well as the mechanical integrity, durability, and stability mechanisms in PEMFCs. The article discusses these findings methodically and creates a systematic comparison to point out the most crucial challenges and the domains that need more investigation.