Risk Factors Associated with the Distribution of Intestinal Parasites among Primary School Children in the Southern Senatorial District of Edo State, Nigeria

Intestinal parasitic infections remain a significant public health concern in Nigeria, particularly among school-aged children who are frequently exposed to poor sanitation, unsafe water sources, and inadequate hygiene practices. This study assessed the prevalence, distribution, and risk factors associated with intestinal parasite infections among primary school children in the Southern Senatorial District of Edo State, Nigeria, with a focus on Ascaris species and other common intestinal parasites. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 633 pupils aged 5 to 10 years across selected primary schools in the seven Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the Southern Senatorial of Edo State. Structured questionnaires were used to obtain sociodemographic and environmental data, while stool samples were collected and examined using standard parasitological techniques. Molecular characterization was performed on selected isolates of Ascaris species. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests to assess associations between risk factors and infection prevalence. Of the 633 pupils examined, 145 tested positive for one or more intestinal parasites, giving an overall prevalence of 22.9%. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent parasite, followed by Ancylostoma spp., Taenia species, Entamoeba histolytica, and Strongyloides stercoralis. The highest infection rates were recorded in Ikpoba-Okha, Orhionmwon, and Oredo LGAs. A significant association (p < 0.05) was observed between infection prevalence and LGA of residence as well as water source, with pupils relying on well and river water showing higher infection rates than those using treated tap water. Gender, age, and religion were not significantly associated with infection. Molecular analysis revealed moderate genetic diversity among Ascaris species isolates, indicating potential zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission routes. The study highlights a considerable burden of intestinal parasites among school children in the Southern Senatorial district of Edo State, driven largely by unsafe water sources and geographical disparities in sanitation. The dominance of Ascaris lumbricoides and its genetic variability underscores the need for integrated control strategies, including improved water supply, health education, regular deworming, and enhanced surveillance. Targeted interventions in high-risk LGAs are essential to reducing transmission and improving child health outcomes in the region.