Compton scattering X-ray imaging system for material detection through 3 mm aluminum shielding for potential future space application

This paper explores the application of Compton scattering imaging for the active detection of space debris at long distances and through dense metallic shielding. Unlike conventional short-range applications in security screening, space-based scenarios present unique challenges such as severe geometric attenuation, low signal-to-noise ratios, and multi-layer scattering interference. To address these issues, we developed a high-precision, single-sided X-ray scattering imaging system capable of long-range detection. By integrating optimized scattering models, advanced noise suppression algorithms, and a carefully designed experimental setup, the system successfully imaged targets behind 3-mm aluminum shielding at a testing distance of 1.76 meters—equivalent to 10 km in a space environment—with a spatial resolution of 0.63 cm. The results validate the feasibility of Compton scattering imaging for active space debris monitoring and mark significant progress in long-range imaging under complex electromagnetic conditions.