Controlled liquid-liquid phase separation via the simulation-guided, targeted engineering of the RNA-binding protein PARCL

The Phloem-Associated RNA-Chaperone-Like (PARCL) protein is a plant-specific RNA-binding protein (RBP) that is highly abundant in the phloem. PARCL has been observed to form large biomolecular condensates that move within the phloem stream, potentially being involved in RNA transport. Here, we present results on unraveling drivers for PARCL's phase separation. We used coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to compute a residue interaction map that identifies candidate residues involved in phase separation. Subsequent simulations with mutations of candidate residues resulted in disrupted condensation, supporting their involvement in phase separation. We performed <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> experiments to validate these predictions. To investigate the RNA-binding of PARCL, we added microRNA to the simulations and identified a short region of PARCL that consistently made contact with the miRNA in agreement with bioinformatics predictions and experiments. We discuss the implications of our findings in terms of model-guided engineering of biomolecular condensates.