Paving the way for renewable energy and hydrogen adoption in Southern Africa

• Energy access and equity in Southern African states, energy expansion to address energy poverty and incorporation of renewable energy technologies • Global opportunities for energy transition to renewable and sustainable energy sources, as well as green hydrogen • Capacity Building, cross-sectoral collaboration, social and environmental impacts of the energy transition in Southern Africa. • Energy policies and regulatory frameworks in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia, and Mozambique to drive the energy transition • Application of multi-level perspective (MLP) theory to analyze the energy transition in Southern Africa. Rising population and rapid development in Africa have led to growing energy demands that exceed current supply, underscoring the urgent need for expanded and reliable energy access. As the global agenda shifts toward sustainability, integrating renewable energy sources presents a viable pathway to address these shortages. This study explores the energy landscape, policies, and transition strategies of five Southern African countries, using Multi-Level Perspective theory and energy systems analysis to examine the dynamics of their energy transitions. Findings highlight the significant potential of green hydrogen, solar, wind, and hydropower to supplement conventional fuels, especially in energy-intensive sectors, while reducing reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating climate impacts. The application of Multi-Level Perspective theory underscores the importance of managing interactions between niche innovations, existing socio-technical regimes, and broader landscape pressures to support systemic transformation. The transition to renewable energy will also impact the future of coal mining, shaped by policy frameworks, resource distribution, technological developments, and market trends. However, several persistent barriers must be overcome these include limited access to energy, high capital costs, poverty, political and economic instability, regulatory inefficiencies, and gaps in technical expertise. Achieving a successful and inclusive energy transition in Southern Africa will require strategic planning, policy alignment, stakeholder engagement, and targeted support for vulnerable sectors. Ensuring that the process is sustainable, equitable, and just is essential to realizing long-term regional energy security and economic resilience.