Kepastian Hukum dalam Pengaturan Tanggung Jawab atas Kerusakan Akibat Deep-Sea Mining di Laut Dalam

This research, titled Legal Certainty in Regulating Liability for Environmental Damage Caused by Deep-Sea Mining in the High Seas, aims to examine the extent to which international law ensures legal certainty regarding liability for environmental harm resulting from deep-sea mining beyond national jurisdiction. The research focuses on legal instruments such as the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the 1994 Implementing Agreement, and opinions from international judicial bodies. A normative legal research method is applied, utilizing statutory, case-based, and conceptual approaches with qualitative analysis. The findings reveal that although legal norms concerning the responsibilities of sponsoring states and regulatory authorities have been formally established, legal certainty remains insufficient due to the absence of enforcement mechanisms, monitoring systems, and compensation procedures. The lack of concrete claims instruments, robust oversight, and equal legal access creates a legal gap in implementation. This study concludes that international law currently does not provide adequate legal certainty regarding liability for deep-sea mining damage, thereby posing serious challenges to marine environmental protection and the principle of global equity.