Physics-based model of a lithium-ion battery cell in Modelica

Electrochemical models of lithium-ion battery cells, such as the variants of the pseudo two-dimensional model proposed by Doyle, Fuller and Newman, find applications in cell design, diagnosis, and advanced model-based control, as these models allow to reproduce, over a wide range of experimental conditions, the current–voltage characteristics and the internal state of the cell. An implementation of this model and the most commonly employed analysis techniques, including current pulse trains, constant-current constant-voltage cycles, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and dynamic EIS, are presented. These models are organized into a novel Modelica library named LiIonCellP2D, whose structure is discussed. A published model, developed by other authors, of a commercial lithium-ion cell manufactured by Kokam is used to illustrate the features of LiIonCellP2D, and the simulation results are compared with those obtained using the DandeLiion online simulator. LiIonCellP2D was developed and tested using Dymola version 2024x.