The role of natural products on the immune status of freshwater fish

Abstract The intensification of aquaculture has increased stress and disease susceptibility in freshwater fish, leading to increased use of antibiotic and associated problems such as antibiotic resistance and environmental contamination. The aim of this study is to explore the role of natural products as sustainable immunostimulants in enhancing the immune status of freshwater fish. Existing research on medicinal plants, probiotics, prebiotics, insect-derived products, aquatic organism derivatives, vitamins, and minerals is examined. This analysis aims to evaluate their mode of action, efficacy, and potential benefits in aquaculture. The findings indicate that these natural products can significantly booster both innate and adaptive immune responses, improve growth performance, and offer antimicrobial properties against various pathogens without the adverse environmental impacts associated with synthetic chemicals. However, the effectiveness of these immunostimulants is influenced by factors such as optimal dosage, duration of administration, and method of delivery, highlighting the need for standardized protocols. In conclusion, the integration of natural products into aquaculture practices presents a promising strategy for sustainable fish health management. This approach not only enhances fish immunity and disease resistance but also mitigates the negative consequences of antibiotic overuse. The study recommends further research to optimize usage parameters and understand fish species-specific responses, aiding the effective use of natural immunostimulants in aquaculture.