Research Progress of Houttuynia cordata on Drug-Resistant Bacteria in Respiratory Tract Infections

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) caused by drug-resistant bacteria represent a major threat to global health, causing increased morbidity, death, and healthcare costs. Houttuynia cordata, a traditionally utilized medicinal plant, has gained attention for its broad-spectrum antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. This research examines the advances in the pharmacological research and clinical potential of H. cordata in combating drug-resistant pathogens responsible for RTIs. The research highlighted both the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of H. cordata extracts and the specific therapeutic efficacy of its active compound, Sodium Houttuyfonate (SH). SH has proven to be effective against several infections, including Haemophilus influenzae, a major drug-resistant bacterium related to pneumonia. In experimental models, SH, an active compound of H. cordata, demonstrated significant therapeutic effects by markedly reducing bacterial burden and mitigating lung tissue inflammation. SH effectively modulated inflammatory and oxidative stress responses, promoting a shift toward immune regulation and tissue protection. This action, distinct from traditional antibiotics, initiated macrophage polarization via the TLR4/TRIF/IRF3 signaling pathway. Furthermore, SH exhibits a dose-dependent antibacterial effect and notable membrane-disrupting capability comparable to known antimicrobial agents. These findings collectively underscore H. cordata's clinical promise as a complementary or alternative therapy against multidrug-resistant respiratory pathogens.