Highly productive and sustainable viticulture in the changeable weather conditions of the moderate continental climate of southern Russia

Abstract. Effective methods of managing grape ontogenesis in the variable conditions of the moderate continental climate of southern Russia are shown. The average annual air temperature in the Black Sea viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region increased by 0.8 °C, in the Central region – by 1.2 °C. The maximum temperature has increased to critical values, 40.0 °C. The frequency of stress temperatures above 35 °C increased to 2 times in the Black Sea zone and up to 10 times in the Central zone. The sum of active temperatures above 10 °C reached 4635 °C in the Black Sea zone, and 4456 °C in the Central zone. The length of the growing season in the Black Sea zone increased from 203 to 211 days, in 2024 – 229 days, in the Central zone – remained unchanged, 205 and 204 days, in 2024 – increased to 215 days. Precipitation in the Black Sea area increased by 8%, to 566 mm, in the Central zone – by 5%, to 728 mm. Close dependences of the quantum yield of photochemical reactions of FSII leaves on the weather conditions in summer and lignified vines in winter have been established. Informative indicators that determine the adaptivity of plants to winter stressors have been identified: the content of water, starch, sugars, proline; to summer stressors - the hydration of leaves, chlorophyll content, and permeability of cell membranes. The mathematical dependence of stability, productivity and quality of grapes on factors of natural and anthropogenic origin has been established. Effective management of growth and production processes in unstable weather conditions is achieved on the basis of terroirs. The Vladimir, Dmitriy and Kurchanskiy varieties improve the use of biological features of varieties and the resource potential of agroterritories in the production process, and the yield capacity and quality of wine in the terroirs of the Black Sea zone increases compared to the Central one. Folirus foliar nutrition with agrochemicals stimulate the adaptivity and reproductive function of grapes, increase the yield of Cabernet Sauvignon by 12%, Chardonnay by 14%, and increase the content of dry substances, sugars, vitamins, and anthocyanins. Remote sensing is used to increase the effectiveness of plant growth and production processes management. Key words: grapes, environment, sustainability, agrotechnology, productivity, quality