The Role of Ginsenoside Rg3 in Modulating Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Angiogenesis: Implications for Skincare and Anticancer Therapies

Ginsenosides, the bioactive saponins primary found in Panax ginseng, possess a complex structure that underlies their diverse pharmacological properties. Ginsenoside Rg3 stands out for its broad therapeutic potential, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of Rg3, emphasizing its roles in regulating apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic pathways relevant to skincare and anticancer applications. The unique biological activities of its isomeric forms, 20(S)-Rg3 and 20(R)-Rg3, are highlighted, alongside strategies to enhance its bioavailability, such as nanoencapsulation and prodrug design. Additionally, the synergistic effects of Rg3 when combined with other treatments are discussed, underscoring its promise as a bridging agent between conventional and emerging therapies in dermatology and oncology. Finally, the current research gaps are identified, and future directions are proposed to further optimize the clinical application of Rg3.