Comparing the Effects of Dual-Task Training and Rhythmic Movement Training on Executive Functions in older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Background and Aims Mild cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a transitional state between normal aging and dementia, characterized by a decline in cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and executive functions. This study aims to compare the effects of dual-task training (DTT) and rhythmic movement training (RMT) on executive functions in older adults with MCI. Methods In this quasi-experimental with a pre-test/post-test design, participants were 40 older adults (29 women and 11 men) aged ≥65 years. They were randomly assigned to two groups of RMT and DTT. Both groups trained for 12 weeks, three times per week, each for 60 minutes. The Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) was used to measure cognitive flexibility and attention, and the Tower of London (ToL) test was used to assess planning and problem-solving. For data analysis, one-way and repeated measures ANOVA were used. Results The RMT group showed significant improvements in the TOL test in total score (P=0.001), total time (P=0.001), and number of errors (P=0.001) after intervention. The DTT group showed improvements in total score (P=0.001) and total time (P=0.037) in the TOL test. Regarding the WCST score, the RMT group showed significant improvements in all parameters after intervention, including perseverative errors (P=0.001), non-perseverative errors (P=0.001), correct responses (P=0.001), and categories achieved (P=0.005). The DTT group showed improvements only in perseverative errors (P=0.018) and correct responses (P=0.003) after intervention. Conclusion Both physical-cognitive DTT and RMT can lead to significant improvements in executive functions in older adults with MCI. However, the RMT is more effective than DTT.