The Ethno-Religious Political Subculture in Bulgaria – Origin, Main Characteristics, and Challenges (1878 – 1934)

This study explores the emergence, core characteristics, and historical evolution of the ethno-religious political subculture in Bulgaria between 1878 and 1934. Applying the concept of political subcultures, it analyzes how Muslim communities—including Turks, Pomaks, Tatars, Circassians, and Roma—formed a distinct political subculture united by religious affiliation. The research shows that this subculture emerged as a response to historical traumas, loss of social status, and marginalization following Bulgaria’s liberation. It developed resilient strategies for political adaptation, including reliance on international law, internal consolidation, and cooperation with Bulgarian agrarian and left-wing movements.