Parathyroid-leptin axis as an intricate network of hormonal interactions; an updated review

The parathyroid-leptin axis represents a network of hormonal interactions that play a critical role in regulating calcium homeostasis, energy balance, and metabolic health. The parathyroid hormone, primarily responsible for maintaining calcium and phosphate balance, interacts intricately with leptin, a hormone secreted by adipose tissue that regulates appetite, energy expenditure, and bone metabolism. This interplay involves both direct and indirect mechanisms, including leptin’s influence on parathormone (PTH) secretion and PTH’s modulation of leptin signaling in adipose tissue. Calcium and vitamin D further fine-tune this axis, creating a feedback loop that integrates bone, adipose, and metabolic functions. Dysregulation of the parathyroid-leptin axis has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as osteoporosis, obesity, and metabolic disorders, highlighting its significance in maintaining physiological homeostasis. This review explores the mechanisms underlying the parathyroid-leptin axis, its physiological and pathological implications, and its potential as a therapeutic target for metabolic and bone-related diseases.