New Insights into the Phylogeographic History of Dirofilaria immitis in the Canary Islands, Spain

Heartworm disease (<i>Dirofilaria immitis</i>) is an important zoonotic infection of major clinical importance in dogs widespread, and transmitted by culicid vectors. Although <i>D. immitis</i> mostly affects dogs with an overall low incidence, some islands of the Atlantic archipelagos such as the island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) had one of the highest historical prevalence/seroprevalence values in dogs, cats and humans. Molecular tools allow us to perform species identification diagnosis, phylogeographic and population genetics analysis that can provide key information about the factors making the disease still a threat (uncover untreated range of hosts, putative origin, etc.). In this study, we have optimized primers to amplify mitochondrial (COI, 12S) and nuclear (ITS) molecular markers from adult <i>D. immitis</i> worms. The genetic diversity and structure of <i>D. immitis</i> at the global level is limited, especially when compared with results obtained for other species of the same genus, such as <i>D. repens</i>. New minor haplotypes in the mitochondrial COI marker have been identified from adult <i>D. immitis</i> worms from infected dogs from the hyperendemic island of Gran Canaria, suggesting that the disease may have originated locally or may have been introduced from the mainland in historical times and evolved in isolation. To obtain a more complete understanding of its evolutionary history, structure and genomic diversity, comparative studies using next-generation sequencing data from endemic areas are needed, which will help in the long term to implement monitoring and control measures in a given area and to better understand its global phylogeographic history.