Real-Time Mobile Application for Translating Portuguese Sign Language to Text Using Machine Learning

Communication barriers between deaf and hearing individuals present significant challenges to social inclusion, highlighting the need for effective technological aids. This study aimed to bridge this gap by developing a mobile system for the real-time translation of Portuguese Sign Language (LGP) alphabet gestures into text, addressing a specific technological void for LGP. The core of the solution is a mobile application integrating two distinct machine learning approaches trained on a custom LGP dataset: firstly, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) optimized with TensorFlow Lite for efficient, on-device image classification, enabling offline use; secondly, a method utilizing MediaPipe for hand landmark extraction from the camera feed, with classification performed by a server-side Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). Evaluation tests confirmed that both approaches could recognize LGP alphabet gestures with good accuracy (F1-scores of approximately 76% for the CNN and 77% for the MediaPipe+MLP) and processing speed (1 to 2 s per gesture on high-end devices using the CNN and 3 to 5 s under typical network conditions using MediaPipe+MLP), facilitating efficient real-time translation, though performance trade-offs regarding speed versus accuracy under different conditions were observed. The implementation of this dual-method system provides crucial flexibility, adapting to varying network conditions and device capabilities, and offers a scalable foundation for future expansion to include more complex gestures. This work delivers a practical tool that may contribute to improve communication accessibility and the societal integration of the deaf community in Portugal.