Multidrug Resistant Bacteria in Air Samples from Indoor Environment in Kathmandu, Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Indoor air flora has been linked to several allergic and infectious diseases; hence, monitoring of air quality is key to achieving better health outcomes. It is therefore imperative to monitor air quality for antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are on the rise and are associated with poor human health. Methods: The study was conducted from June 2019 to November 2020 across 24 indoor sites in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Air samples were collected using an impactor air sampler and cultured on various media. Bacterial isolates were identified, and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns were determined using the Kirby-Bauer method per CLSI 2018 guidelines. Results: A total of 73 culture plates representing 24 samples, were examined. The predominant bacteria included Staphylococcus spp. and Citrobacter freundii. Among 50 isolates, 72% were multidrug- resistant. Gentamycin and Ofloxacin were the most effective antibiotics. Hospitals exhibited the highest microbial load (2729 CFU/m³). Conclusion: The presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in indoor environments of Kathmandu highlights a significant public health concern. Continuous monitoring is essential for preventive action.